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[Music]

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before I start I just won't point out

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this is the talk I gave it up saikhan I

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promise you a different talk but um the

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equipment that I need to use for it the

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lcms has been broken for four months now

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so you're gonna get a taste of it in

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this talk but I'm also going to talk

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about a lot more meteorite stuff so um

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outline I'm gonna give you some

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background on both biochem and planetary

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science so you should be bored by at

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least one part of the intro I'm going to

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talk about the prebiotic simulations

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that I do and then I'm going to talk

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about nano ir maps and Raman maps of

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meteorites that I do I'm going to talk

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about the integration of all of these

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points the implications for planetary

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science and astrobiology and then I will

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take questions so very briefly planetary

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scientists use this will your chart to

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classify meteorites

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it is a chart where three is the least

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altered and as you have this way there's

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more water in them and as you go this

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way it's hotter of course you can have

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both water and therm alteration which

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makes organics here's a small list of

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different meteorites that are astro

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biologically important they all have a

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significant amount of organics you can

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note that they're pathological types are

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between 3 which is again pretty

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unaltered and one which means that it

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has a lot of water so this is kind of

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the sweet spot of organic chemistry

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temperatures and liquid water being

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present so here's an organics inventory

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of meteorites I'm particularly

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interested in these three I'm interested

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in amino acids which are the building

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blocks of proteins I'm interested in

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peptides which you can think of for the

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purposes of this talk as very short

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proteins you get

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this when you take you're gonna get this

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can take two of these and your removal

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water I'm interested in this because my

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laboratory simulations seem to show that

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in the presence of hydroxy acids you get

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a significantly higher peptide rate

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which is good because there are a lot of

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hydroxy acids and meteorites and then

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I'm also interested in all these as

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targets of opportunity and they should

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happen to show up in my nano IR maps

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awesome so here is a small organics

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inventory of meteorites specifically the

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amino acids the number is again that

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Federer logical type the letters are

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kind of the chemical makeup there is a

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lot of amino acids that were delivered

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to earth so I still have late heavy

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bombardment on here but that's okay

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the you can think of this instead of two

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hundred million years all these

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calculations are from modern day

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meteorite flux so if you take the amount

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of carbon that was delivered over 200

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million years before life observed and

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I'm thinking just the average date that

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we think life originated roughly the

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amount of organics that survived are two

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point five grams the ten to the twenty

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second to put this into context

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realization this is more than all of the

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carbon in the current biosphere and if

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you were to cover the earth with it it

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would be a 40 meter deep layer of this

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you can find the amino acid amount by

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taking the soluble carbon which is just

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the stuff that's not karagin that like

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you know nice thing that you've showed

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miniatures shown earlier and you get

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some point six times ten to the sixteen

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to five point seven times ten to the 22

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grams depending on how pessimistic or

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optimistic you are and then you can do a

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rough count concentration and you find

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out that there could potentially be a

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very high concentration of amino acids

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in the early ocean so

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I'm kind of trying to get away with

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doing laboratory simulations that fit on

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to two that satisfy two environmental

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conditions the first one is the

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prebiotic earth where the average

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temperature we think was around 100 to

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200 C take this with a grain of salt

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because we've our lab has very recently

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learned about the fact that they have

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human Bartman's been called into

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question but there were certainly places

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on earth that had this temperature range

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besides when the organics that you get

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from lightning strikes and you know

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deep-sea volcanism you got a huge amount

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of organics delivered by impact the

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majority of your Earth's water would

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certainly also probably blow pardon this

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time and then you had cattle lake

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surfaces both from the Earth's geology

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and from meteorites themselves

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simultaneously you can also kind of get

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away with using this as the meteor

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parent body's environment so average

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temperature of meteorite parent body

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through specifically the carbonaceous

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chondrites which is the organic

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meteorites Murchison which you've all

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probably heard of is a carbonaceous

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chondrite varies between about 100 to

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200 C there are notable temperature

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outliers but let's focus on this for the

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sake of my experiments you have organics

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that are incorporated from the inner

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stellar nebula and the planetary nebula

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and then you have additional organics

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farm but I'm not going to talk about

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that

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you have mineral evidence for the

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presence of liquid water and you have

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catalytic surfaces that are found in the

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meteorites like olivine so you can

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simulate both of these using a biotic

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peptide simulations it's based on

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research that my boss started at Georgia

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Tech Center for chemical evolution

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basically we're using L amino acids

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hydroxy acids and a catalytic Rock of

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your choice but as long as everything is

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present meteorites it's kosher and on

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the table and your method is just you

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want to mix one part amino acids with

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one part hydroxy acids the reason for

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that is that's what you see in meteor

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observations we think hydroxy acids are

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mostly acting as catalysts so at some

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point I will reduce that but for now

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we're trying to follow nature

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you need to provide a very small amount

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of catalytic surface allow it to make

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some water and then you can bake it in

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an oven of various ranges we're focusing

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on the 65 to 200 degrees C range

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specifically because the Center for

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chemical evolution does colder and we

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don't want to step on their toes and

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also because we're interested in doing

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meteorite parent body stuff and then you

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can sample algorithmically to see the

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time evolution of your products so these

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are three graphs um this one's just

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glycine anse by itself you can the main

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thing to notice this one's like at the

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ten level if you add lactic acid you go

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up significantly um but also all three

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of these graphs show that as time goes

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on you do have more peptide formation

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you do make longer approach protein

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strains um it's interesting to note that

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lactic acid tends to be incorporated as

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like the terminal or start and sometimes

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you will get to lactic acids something

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that I really want to present on but

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just didn't get to because my machines

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are all broken is where precisely the

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second lactic acid is if it's also

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terminal or if it's incorporated in the

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middle um so we're also doing something

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called NATO our real quick has anyone

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heard of me you know I know

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okay so nano IR is this really cool new

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materials technique in physics ah and

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what it is is all molecules will vibrate

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if you put the right opportunity to

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flight on them basically so you have a

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pulse tunable IR laser and you just pick

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a starting point and scale up through it

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and then you also have another laser

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that detects how high it is when you hit

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the right like frequency it expands so

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you can detect a whole bunch of

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different molecules using this and you

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can get it on extremely fine levels so

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you can make a hundred nanometer sized

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measurements so we're looking at I need

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one peaks at a me two peaks a little bit

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of a mean three I have the rotational

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and

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vibrational modes here that correspond

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to these Peaks and this is honor data

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this is someone else's data but we're

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working to do these maps as well and so

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here you can see CL double bond which is

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one of the main things we'll be looking

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for and you can see that it's pretty

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sparse so like here is probably some

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amino acids peptides and here and here

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um and we did this we tried to and it

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turns out the adhesives that we used

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showed up much more strongly manner

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I mean awesomes proteins so back to the

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drawing table because they had to figure

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out a new adhesive yeah here's just a

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nice better picture ok so here's the one

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part of my work that's gone really

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really well which is making ramen maps

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and it's the same kind of thing as a

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noir you can make really high-resolution

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maps using Raman spectroscopy and you

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can exchange a whole bunch of different

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environmental things about the

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meteorites so here's just a nice Tagish

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Lake temperature map you can find out

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you can fit the hottest point and the

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coldest point this is to carbon bands as

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things gets hotter it goes from this D

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which is like disorganised to this G

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which is graph e and here is a bigger

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better Murchison sample overlaid on the

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meteorite itself so you can do rough

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amounts of carbon you can do temperature

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you can do let me get out of the way

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olivine amounts you can do of the

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olivine what is the mg relative to Fe

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because those are the major ions that

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are incorporated into olivine and then

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you can take a single pixel and you can

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overlay all these things and compare

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them when you can add in the nanowire

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our Maps you can say okay what kind of

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organics are formed on a very small

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scale and what are the environmental

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things that contribute to that specific

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organic formation a good way to check

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this is with toph sense here's the top

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since we did of glycine all the scale

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were looking for you can see it's really

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good um the problem of toxins is

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ablates off the lair so if you want to

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do ramen on that layer it's gonna damage

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the organics if you do it first if you

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do this on the lair you can't do ramen

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afterwards so it's a good check to make

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sure nano our ramen interactions are

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working and it'll give you a higher

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resolution than NIR but its destructive

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so here's some fun implications so a

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range of organics were delivered

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including probably already formed

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peptides to the earth and they were

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distributed across the solar system if

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you can form peptides in space there is

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no reason that they can only be like

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that you can't assume that they were

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distributed everywhere you have cat

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alike services both on earth and in

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particular small dehydrating pools in

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this range are great places to farm even

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more peptides because we think that

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amino acids are still much more no much

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more abundant than peptides in

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00:11:45,460 --> 00:11:44,150
meteorites and even taking a little

276
00:11:48,850 --> 00:11:45,470
estimates of conditions on earth in

277
00:11:51,460 --> 00:11:48,860
organics delivery you're gonna probably

278
00:11:52,870 --> 00:11:51,470
get catalytically active peptides being

279
00:11:56,560 --> 00:11:52,880
delivered everywhere across the solar

280
00:11:57,790 --> 00:11:56,570
system and some asteroid apparent bodies

281
00:11:59,860 --> 00:11:57,800
possess similar characteristics to

282
00:12:02,290 --> 00:11:59,870
prebiotic bodies you can get pressure

283
00:12:05,560 --> 00:12:02,300
volatiles including water organics and

284
00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:05,570
kind of like surfaces and you know

285
00:12:09,300 --> 00:12:07,130
you're providing fuel all over your

286
00:12:11,440 --> 00:12:09,310
solar system and this is especially

287
00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:11,450
important for places that don't have

288
00:12:18,100 --> 00:12:14,110
deep sea hydrothermal vents for

289
00:12:20,290 --> 00:12:18,110
lightning reactions so if you want to

290
00:12:21,880 --> 00:12:20,300
create life somewhere that doesn't have

291
00:12:23,500 --> 00:12:21,890
the same conditions of Earth you can

292
00:12:26,680 --> 00:12:23,510
still do it because stuff was still

293
00:12:30,340 --> 00:12:26,690
being delivered so I have a lot of

294
00:12:31,870 --> 00:12:30,350
future work to do for media analysis I

295
00:12:34,590 --> 00:12:31,880
need to work on my sample prep because

296
00:12:37,060 --> 00:12:34,600
you know that adhesive is about adhesive

297
00:12:38,820 --> 00:12:37,070
we're also looking at doing alternative

298
00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:38,830
methods right now we use fast ion beam

299
00:12:43,720 --> 00:12:41,810
flattening where we just throw ions at

300
00:12:45,490 --> 00:12:43,730
it and it just kind of oblate stuff off

301
00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:45,500
but that's very expensive so we're

302
00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:48,050
looking into polishing as well problem

303
00:12:51,210 --> 00:12:49,910
with polishing is it introduces foreign

304
00:12:54,259 --> 00:12:51,220
matter

305
00:12:56,970 --> 00:12:54,269
Ramin we're trying to achieve even finer

306
00:12:59,340 --> 00:12:56,980
robbing mats the mass I showed you where

307
00:13:01,829 --> 00:12:59,350
micron scale we're looking to get to the

308
00:13:03,569 --> 00:13:01,839
300 nanometer scale this here and our

309
00:13:06,420 --> 00:13:03,579
ultimate goal is 10 to the 20 nanometer

310
00:13:08,999 --> 00:13:06,430
scale and in nano are we'd like to make

311
00:13:11,669 --> 00:13:09,009
larger not nano our ops because as you

312
00:13:14,309 --> 00:13:11,679
saw the organics and in particular amino

313
00:13:17,519 --> 00:13:14,319
acids are like clumped in certain areas

314
00:13:19,829 --> 00:13:17,529
and they're pretty rare overall so we

315
00:13:23,119 --> 00:13:19,839
need to make really large scale Maps if

316
00:13:26,939 --> 00:13:23,129
we want to see a lot of organics and

317
00:13:28,530 --> 00:13:26,949
then I'm kind of still always working on

318
00:13:30,470 --> 00:13:28,540
my data processing code and adding in

319
00:13:32,579 --> 00:13:30,480
more things that I can fit to raman

320
00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:32,589
between apps icon and now I've done

321
00:13:36,869 --> 00:13:35,290
phyllosilicates and if you have a

322
00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:36,879
suggestion for something in the visible

323
00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:39,910
ramadhan that I should be fitting come

324
00:13:45,660 --> 00:13:44,170
talk to me for laboratory simulations I

325
00:13:47,069 --> 00:13:45,670
really don't like to do the structure

326
00:13:51,809 --> 00:13:47,079
and the mechanisms of a biotic long

327
00:13:53,100 --> 00:13:51,819
chain long chain peptide formation you

328
00:13:54,929 --> 00:13:53,110
know I'd like to investigate effects

329
00:13:58,919 --> 00:13:54,939
that I can't see for my meteorites like

330
00:14:00,780 --> 00:13:58,929
pH changes and you know you can control

331
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:00,790
very finely which amino acids you're

332
00:14:04,590 --> 00:14:03,610
putting in and then it also like to

333
00:14:06,210 --> 00:14:04,600
confirm relationships between

334
00:14:07,860 --> 00:14:06,220
temperature and peptide formation

335
00:14:09,360 --> 00:14:07,870
because the Raman laughs that I showed

336
00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:09,370
you and the temperatures that we predict

337
00:14:15,419 --> 00:14:12,850
are all from carbon fitting and that's

338
00:14:17,819 --> 00:14:15,429
just the peak metamorphic temperature so

339
00:14:20,429 --> 00:14:17,829
these may be forming at a colder or a

340
00:14:23,489 --> 00:14:20,439
warmer temperature we're just not sure

341
00:14:25,079 --> 00:14:23,499
we can only define the upper bound with

342
00:14:28,379 --> 00:14:25,089
laboratory simulations we can define

343
00:14:30,889 --> 00:14:28,389
what's the best temperature

344
00:14:32,790 --> 00:14:30,899
so here's references and acknowledgments

345
00:14:35,639 --> 00:14:32,800
thank you to a whole bunch of different

346
00:14:38,579 --> 00:14:35,649
groups we have the Georgia Institute of

347
00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:38,589
Technology Group people have moved so

348
00:14:44,069 --> 00:14:41,290
you can see University of Lille their

349
00:14:45,389 --> 00:14:44,079
team's does specialize setting so that's

350
00:14:48,179 --> 00:14:45,399
what we're getting out of our ramen and

351
00:14:49,980 --> 00:14:48,189
nano IR stuff from I mean we're working

352
00:14:53,069 --> 00:14:49,990
with several other people at University

353
00:14:58,670 --> 00:14:53,079
of Central Florida and I will not take

354
00:15:09,269 --> 00:15:06,780
great questions for me thank you when

355
00:15:12,240 --> 00:15:09,279
you were doing your calculation which

356
00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:12,250
resulted in this very significant

357
00:15:16,860 --> 00:15:14,050
estimates of amino acid concentrations

358
00:15:18,900 --> 00:15:16,870
in the ocean yeah um this seemed to

359
00:15:21,329 --> 00:15:18,910
assume that these amino acids were just

360
00:15:22,889 --> 00:15:21,339
accumulating over the 200 million year

361
00:15:25,380 --> 00:15:22,899
period that there was no significant

362
00:15:28,620 --> 00:15:25,390
sink removing these from the ocean is

363
00:15:31,019 --> 00:15:28,630
that assumption you do have reason to

364
00:15:35,340 --> 00:15:31,029
believe that during that time period so

365
00:15:36,960 --> 00:15:35,350
I think that um so I stole this from

366
00:15:38,519 --> 00:15:36,970
someone else's paper there in my

367
00:15:40,470 --> 00:15:38,529
references

368
00:15:42,180 --> 00:15:40,480
but I think that the idea is that yeah

369
00:15:43,740 --> 00:15:42,190
there isn't a significant sink unless

370
00:15:46,889 --> 00:15:43,750
you're forming some kind of you know

371
00:15:48,750 --> 00:15:46,899
advanced molecules I will say something

372
00:15:50,850 --> 00:15:48,760
that I myself have known in my research

373
00:15:53,069 --> 00:15:50,860
is when I'm doing these laboratory

374
00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:53,079
peptide simulations if you let all the

375
00:15:56,639 --> 00:15:54,880
water get away they do turn into what I

376
00:15:58,889 --> 00:15:56,649
think suspect is like the carriage and

377
00:16:00,870 --> 00:15:58,899
like substance they get black and tari I

378
00:16:04,199 --> 00:16:00,880
would imagine that happened to a good

379
00:16:09,389 --> 00:16:04,209
percent of these so I would say that

380
00:16:19,790 --> 00:16:09,399
this is probably an upper limit however

381
00:16:24,049 --> 00:16:22,129
yeah thanks Amy really sweet talk um

382
00:16:25,939 --> 00:16:24,059
have you tried doing multiple wedding

383
00:16:29,090 --> 00:16:25,949
drying cycles and see if that change

384
00:16:30,439 --> 00:16:29,100
anything yeah so um that's something on

385
00:16:33,019 --> 00:16:30,449
my long list of things that I'll be

386
00:16:35,329 --> 00:16:33,029
doing with these but right now no I'm

387
00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:35,339
trying to basically I'm adding water

388
00:16:41,389 --> 00:16:37,290
once and I'm monitoring over 48 hours

389
00:16:45,139 --> 00:16:41,399
yeah and it typically dries out by the

390
00:16:47,269 --> 00:16:45,149
last measurement yeah not always though

391
00:16:49,850 --> 00:16:47,279
because sometimes my undergrad seals it

392
00:16:53,389 --> 00:16:49,860
too tight um so it's something that I am

393
00:16:54,619 --> 00:16:53,399
interested in looking into you when you

394
00:16:56,720 --> 00:16:54,629
monitor you know you taking it out of

395
00:16:58,910 --> 00:16:56,730
the oven and then doing an in putting it

396
00:17:04,460 --> 00:16:58,920
back in okay you're good Institute yeah

397
00:17:07,730 --> 00:17:04,470
so so what I'm doing is I have these

398
00:17:10,399 --> 00:17:07,740
really nice they're called like

399
00:17:13,069 --> 00:17:10,409
autoclaves and they're tough on lined

400
00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:13,079
and they seal up really nice and this is

401
00:17:15,230 --> 00:17:13,770
good because you don't get

402
00:17:17,720 --> 00:17:15,240
cross-contamination so I can run like

403
00:17:19,429 --> 00:17:17,730
multiple samples or because my boss

404
00:17:24,620 --> 00:17:19,439
likes a lot of blinks I have four blanks

405
00:17:26,389 --> 00:17:24,630
and a sample running every time and so a

406
00:17:28,399 --> 00:17:26,399
lot of times when people are doing these

407
00:17:30,139 --> 00:17:28,409
kinds of experiments they'll just put

408
00:17:33,379 --> 00:17:30,149
stuff into the oven and it'll evaporate

409
00:17:36,070 --> 00:17:33,389
and cross contaminate if you steal it

410
00:17:38,570 --> 00:17:36,080
well enough that some water can escape

411
00:17:40,850 --> 00:17:38,580
so that it doesn't explode on you when

412
00:17:44,930 --> 00:17:40,860
you open it because oh god you learned

413
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:44,940
that real fast um you can still like

414
00:17:49,399 --> 00:17:47,610
prevent a lot of cross-contamination but

415
00:17:50,899 --> 00:17:49,409
the converse is when you want to take a

416
00:17:52,129 --> 00:17:50,909
sample measurement you have to take it

417
00:17:54,940 --> 00:17:52,139
out wait for it to cool down enough for

418
00:17:57,200 --> 00:17:54,950
it to not explode on you sample it and

419
00:18:06,420 --> 00:17:57,210
when you open it up you're going to lose

420
00:18:14,080 --> 00:18:10,890
okay um did you try to do heterogeneous

421
00:18:15,550 --> 00:18:14,090
peptides like not only glancing but try

422
00:18:20,010 --> 00:18:15,560
to mix it up with different women as it

423
00:18:22,090 --> 00:18:20,020
may be non-biological ones yeah um so

424
00:18:24,160 --> 00:18:22,100
eventually what I'd like to do is be

425
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:24,170
using stuff something like this you know

426
00:18:29,890 --> 00:18:28,010
take a meteorite class add in amino

427
00:18:32,790 --> 00:18:29,900
acids and the ratios that you see in

428
00:18:34,900 --> 00:18:32,800
those meteorites and see what happens

429
00:18:38,050 --> 00:18:34,910
I'm not sure if I but on here I'm using

430
00:18:41,070 --> 00:18:38,060
L for the sake of cost but I'd also like

431
00:18:44,050 --> 00:18:41,080
to see what incorporating D does as well

432
00:18:46,390 --> 00:18:44,060
so all amino acids are LRD we have that

433
00:18:50,110 --> 00:18:46,400
nice chirality talk that's the shorthand

434
00:18:53,830 --> 00:18:50,120
for the two kinds of cairo yeah so I

435
00:18:57,130 --> 00:18:53,840
would be really interested in that on a

436
00:18:58,780 --> 00:18:57,140
purely methods note the next one that I

437
00:19:01,270 --> 00:18:58,790
do will probably have serine or tyrosine

438
00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:01,280
in it just because it is terrible

439
00:19:08,590 --> 00:19:03,290
terrible getting my glycine only

440
00:19:10,180 --> 00:19:08,600
peptides off the column yes so at the

441
00:19:14,490 --> 00:19:10,190
very least I'm gonna start adding charge

442
00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:14,500
things and just for ease of methodology

443
00:19:20,950 --> 00:19:17,210
my question was about chirality so you

444
00:19:22,990 --> 00:19:20,960
just answered that awesome okay yeah so

445
00:19:24,370 --> 00:19:23,000
well probably like when I put out my

446
00:19:26,500 --> 00:19:24,380
first paper I'll probably have a little

447
00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:26,510
section and it talks about you know I'm

448
00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:29,450
only using L so here you know it's the

449
00:19:35,710 --> 00:19:32,210
statistical chances of a twenty peptide

450
00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:35,720
being all L which is very low there's a

451
00:19:38,950 --> 00:19:37,490
slight if you're towards all amino acids

452
00:19:40,170 --> 00:19:38,960
in our solar system but it's pretty

453
00:19:44,380 --> 00:19:40,180
slight

454
00:19:49,070 --> 00:19:44,390
alright any other questions for Amy all